Citing Sources in Chicago/Turabian Style
For complete information consult The Chicago manual of style (15th ed. 2003). Copies are available:
- At the Reference desk
- On the Reference shelves: REF Z253 .U69 2003
The Basics
- Numbers in [ ] refer to specific sections in the Chicago Manuel of Style.
- Directions in ( ) refer to Microsoft Word formatting commands
- In your paper credit all ideas, facts, charts, and quotations with footnotes or endnotes.
- Consult your instructor to see if footnotes or endnotes are preferred.
- Citations refer the reader to complete publication information in the Bibliography or Works Cited pages [16.3, for examples of short note format see 16.42-50].
Notes
- Number consecutively both footnotes and endnotes. [16.25-35]
- Use superscript numbers in the text following the punctuation at the end of a phrase or sentence (Insert / Reference / Footnote… and choose Footnote or Endnote). There is no punctuation after the number.
- Use the full note style for the first note and shortened citations for all subsequent notes.
- You may use "Ibid." (Latin for "in the same place") for references to the same source as the immediately previous note. Use Ibid. alone if you are referring to the same page; or follow with a comma and a different page number as needed. See examples #14-18 below.
- Indent the first line with subsequent lines at the left margin for both endnotes and footnotes.
- Number each note followed by a period and two spaces; do not use superscript numbers in the notes themselves.
- A space and short solid line goes between the text and the beginning of the footnotes at the bottom of the page. Single space footnotes and double space between footnotes.
- Endnotes follow the text and any appendixes and come before the bibliography [16.59]. Double space the endnote pages.
Bibliographies
- The bibliography is in hanging indent style with the first line of each entry flush left and second and further lines indented five spaces. (Format / Paragraph / Special - select Hanging).
- Double space the entire list.
- Arrange in alphabetical order by first word of each work cited. For works with no author, alphabetize by the first major word of the title or chapter title.
- Bibliography pages may contain only those works cited in your paper or may include recommended or selected sources on the topic as well as the items included in your notes. Use the most appropriate title for the page: Bibliography, Sources Consulted, Works Cited or Selected Bibliography are all acceptable.
- The bibliography follows the text, appendices and, endnotes, if using them. [16.73]
Chicago Style Examples
All examples are adapted from or directly quoted from the Chicago Manual of Style 15th edition.
Books with one author & translator
Full Notes:
1. Salman Rushdie, The Ground beneath Her Feet (New York: Henry Holt, 1999), 102.
2. Roger Martin du Gard, Lieutenant-Colonel de Maumort trans. Luc Brébion and Timothy Crouse (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), 53-54.
Short Form Notes:
1. Rushdie, Ground beneath Her Feet, 102. [or if only Rushdie title: 1. Rushdie, 102.]
2. Martin du Gard, Lieutenant-Colonel de Maumort, 53-54.
Bibliography:
Martin du Gard, Roger. Lieutenant-Colonel de Maumort. Translated by Luc Brébion and Timothy Crouse. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.
Rushdie, Salman. The Ground beneath Her Feet. New York: Henry Holt, 1999.
Books with two and three authors & book with subtitle
(See journal example #14 for more than three authors)
Full Notes:
3. Kurt Johnson, Christopher Hudson, and Steve Coates, Nabokob’s Blues: The Scientific Odyssey of a Literary Genius (Cambridge, MA: Zoland Books, 1999), 89.
4. Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman, Two Lucky People: Memoirs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 76.
Short Form Notes:
3. Johnson, Hudson, and Coates, Nabokob’s Blues, 89.
4. Friedman and Friedman, 76.
Bibliography:
Friedman, Milton, and Rose Friedman, Two Lucky People: Memoirs. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
Johnson, Kurt, Christopher Hudson, and Steve Coates, Nabokob’s Blues: The Scientific Odyssey of a Literary Genius. Cambridge, MA: Zoland Books, 1999.
Chapters from a book
Full Notes:
5. Anne Carr and Douglas J. Schuurman, "Religion and Feminism: A Reformist Christian Analysis," in Religion, Feminism, and the Family, ed. Anne Carr and Mary Steward van Leeuwen, 11-32 (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996).
6. Elizabeth F. L. Ellet, "By Rail and Stage to Galena," in Prairie State: Impressions of Illinois, 1673-67, by Travelers and Other Observers, ed. Paul M. Angle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967) 271-79.
7. William H. Keating "Fort Dearborn and Chicago," in Prairie State (see note 6), 84-87.
Short Form Notes:
5. Carr and Schuurman, "Religion and Feminism," 23.
6. Ellet, 273.
7. Keating, "Fort Dearborn and Chicago," 87
Bibliography:
Angle, Paul M, ed. Prairie State: Impressions of Illinois, 1673-1967, by Travelers and Other Observers, edited by Paul M. Angle, 271-79. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.
Carr, Anne, and Douglas J. Schuurman, "Religion and Feminism: A Reformist Christian Analysis." In Carr and van Leeuwen, Religion, Feminism, and the Family, 11-32.
Ellet, Elizabeth F. L. "By Rail and Stage to Galena." In Angle, Prairie State, 271-79.
Keating, William H. "Fort Dearborn and Chicago." In Angle, Prairie State, 84-87.
Editions, series and multivolume works
Full Notes:
8. The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 17.115.
9. Gershon David Hundert, The Jews in a Polish Private Town: The Case of Opatów in the Eighteenth Century, Johns Hopkins Jewish Studies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992).
10. "Buddhist Mythology," in Mythologies, ed. Yves Bonnefoy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 2:893-95.
Short Form Notes:
8. Chicago Manual, 17.115.
9. Hundert, Jews in a Polish Town.
10. "Buddhist Mythology".
Bibliography:
"Buddhist Mythology." In Mythologies, Edited by Yves Bonnefoy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 2:893-95.
The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
Hundert, Gershon David. The Jews in a Polish Private Town: The Case of Opatów in the Eighteenth Century. Johns Hopkins Jewish Studies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
Reference works
- Cite well-known reference books in notes but do not include in bibliographies. [17.238]
- Give the edition if not the first and omit publication information.
- Use s.v. for sub verbo meaning under the word for alphabetically arranged works rather than the page number (see note 11 for referring to more than one "word").
- Add URL and accessed date when using online versions as in note 11.
- Add publication information for less well known reference books and include in the bibliography as in example 12 or treat as a chapter in a book as above and note 45.
Full Notes:
11. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., s.vv. "Liberality," "Libertine," http://dictionary.oed.com/ (accessed June 27, 2005).
12. The Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. David Noel Freedman (New York: Doubleday, 1991), s.v. "Adam (Person)," (by Jean-Michel de Tarragon).
13. Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd ed, s.v. "Quetzalcoatl" (by David Carrasco).
Bibliography:
Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1991.
Periodicals
- Use the journal format if the volume number is readily apparent.
- For weekly or monthly periodicals use the magazine format. [17.150]
- Treat weekly supplements in newspapers, magazine or book review sections, etc. like magazines
Full Notes:
14. Roma Heillig Morris and others, "Women as Shaman: Reclaiming the Power to Heal," Women's Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 24 (September 1995): 576.
17. Sally G. McMillen, "Antebellum Southern Fathers and the Health care of Children," Journal of Southern History 60, no. 3 (1994): 524.
19. Ben Ratliff, review of The Mystery of Samba: Popular Music and National Identity in Brazil, by Hermano Vianna, ed. And trans. John Charles Chasteen, Lingua Franca 9 (April 1999): B13-B14.
Short Form Notes:
14. Morris and others, "Women as Shaman," 576.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., 583.
17. McMillen, "Antebellum Southern Fathers," 526.
18. Ibid. 214.
19. Ratliff, review of The Mystery of Samba.
Bibliography:
McMillen, Sally G. "Antebellum Southern Fathers and the Health care of Children." Journal of Southern History 60, no. 3 (1994): 513-32.
Morris, Roma Heillig, Samantha M. Palmer, J. B. Brown, and John J. Elton. "Women as Shaman: Reclaiming the Power to Heal." Women's Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 24 (September-October 1995): 573-84.
Ratliff, Ben. Review of The Mystery of Samba: Popular Music and National Identity in Brazil, by Hermano Vianna, ed. And trans. John Charles Chasteen, Lingua Franca 9 (April 1999): B12-B16.
Magazines
Omit quotation marks for regular departments in magazines: Working Knowledge, Food, Talk of the Town, Focus on Travel, etc. [17.185]
Full Notes:
20. Jessica Reaves, "A Weighty Issue: Ever-Fatter Kids," interview with James Rosen, Time, March 14, 2001.
21. Molly O'Neill, Food, New York Times Magazine, October 18, 1998, 53.
22. Michael F. Clarke and Michael W. Becker, "Stem Cells: The Real Culprits in Cancer?" Scientific American, July 2006, 54.
23. Stanley Kauffman, Review of A Dry White Season (MGM movie), New Republic, October 9, 1989, 24.
Bibliography:
Clarke, Michael F. and Michael W. Becker, "Stem Cells: The Real Culprits in Cancer?" Scientific American, July 2006, 53-59.
Kauffman, Stanley. Review of A Dry White Season (MGM movie). New Republic, October 9, 1989, 24-25.
O'Neal, Molly. Food. New York Times Magazine. October 18, 1998, 52-53.
Reaves, Jessica. "A Weighty Issue: Ever-Fatter Kids." Interview with James Rosen. Time, March 14, 2001, 46-47.
Newspapers
- Give section number or letter but omit page numbers for newspapers.
- Identify the edition as if available: final edition, Midwest edition, national edition, etc.
- For unsigned articles put the name of the paper first and then the headline.
- Omit "The" at the beginning of newspaper titles.
- Except for very well-known national newspapers, add the city even if not part of the title, and or state abbreviation in italics.
- For letters give the author and use "letter to the editor" rather than a headline.
Full Notes:
24. Susan Troller, "Libraries at schools stay open," Madison (WI) Capital Times, June 24-25, 2006.
25. Obituary of Clarie Trevor, Lake Forester (Lake Forest, IL), March 23, 2000.
26. David Clemens, letter to the editor, Madison Wisconsin State Journal, April 21, 2005.
Short Form Notes:
Depending on your text a short form may be more appropriate:
In an article on rampage killers, Laurie Goodstein and William Glaberson describe the warning signs either missed or unreported by colleagues, friends, teachers, family members, and others.27
27. New York Times, April 10, 2000.
Bibliography:
Clemens, David. Letter to the editor. Madison Wisconsin State Journal, April 21, 2005.
Goodstein, Laurie, and William Glaberson. "The Well-Marked Roads to Homicidal Rage." New York Times, April 23, 2000, national edition, sec. 1.
Lake Forester (Lake forest, IL) Obituary of Clarie Trevor. March 23, 2000.
Troller, Susan. "Libraries at schools stay open." Madison (WI) Capital Times, June 24-25, 2006.
Electronic Resources
- Give the URL as well as full publication information.
- URL's may change and the reader should have enough information to find the source through an Internet search.
- For articles accessed through a library service give the URL of the search page of the service
- Where material is time sensitive or likely to be edited and changed, give the access date in parentheses in the bibliography.
- In MS Word: Right click on the URL and select Remove Hyperlink to eliminate the underscore and active link from your document.
- For short form notes see examples above.
E-books
Full Notes:
28. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders' Constitution (University of Chicago Press, 1987), http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/ (accessed August 29, 2005).
29. Henry James, The Ambassadors (1909; Project Gutenberg, 1996), bk. 6, chap. 1, ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext96/ambas10.txt.
Bibliography:
James, Henry. The Ambassadors. 1909. Project Gutenberg, 1996. ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext96/ambas10.txt.
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders' Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Also available online at http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/ (accessed August 29, 2005).
Articles from library databases
Full Notes:
30. Alejandro L. Madrid, "Imagining Modernity, Revising Tradition: Nor-tec Music in Tijuana and Other Borders," Popular Music and Society 28, no. 5 (December 2005), http://web109.epnet.com/ (accessed June 8, 2006).
31. Elaine H. Pagels, "Mystery of the Resurrection: A Gnostic Reading of 1 Corinthians 15," Journal of Biblical Literature 93, no. 2 (June 1974), http://web108.epnet.com/ (accessed June 8, 2006).
32. "Historians of the War," New York Times, December 15, 1918, http://proquest.umi.com/ (accessed June 8, 2006).
Bibliography:
"Historians of the War." New York Times, December 15, 1918, http://proquest.umi.com/ (accessed May 8, 2006).
Madrid, Alejandro L. "Imagining Modernity, Revising Tradition: Nor-tec Music in Tijuana and Other Borders." Popular Music and Society 28, no. 5 (December 2005): 595-615. http://web109.epnet.com/ (accessed June 8, 2006).
Pagels, Elaine H. "Mystery of the Resurrection: A Gnostic Reading of 1 Corinthians 15," Journal of Biblical Literature 93, no. 2 (June 1974): 276-88. http://web108.epnet.com/ (accessed June 8, 2006).
Articles directly from the internet
Full Notes:
33. Anne E. Kornblut and John O'Neil, "Justices Back Most G.O.P. Changes to Texas Districts," New York Times, June 28, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/ (accessed June 28, 2006).
34. Anne Behnke Kinney, Traditions of Exemplary Women: A Bilingual Resource for the Study of Women in Early China, The Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities. University of Virginia. http://www.iath.virginia.edu/xwomen/intro.html (accessed November 5, 2005).
Bibliography:
Kinney, Anne Behnke. Traditions of Exemplary Women: A Bilingual Resource for the Study of Women in Early China. The Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities. University of Virginia. http://www.iath.virginia.edu/xwomen/intro.html (accessed November 5, 2005).
Kornblut, Anne E. and John O'Neil. "Justices Back Most G.O.P. Changes to Texas Districts." New York Times, June 28, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/ (accessed June 28, 2006).
Websites
Full Notes:
35. U.S. Census Bureau. Immigration by Leading Country or Region of Last Residence: 1901 to 2001. http://www.census.gov/statab/hist/HS-09.pdf (accessed January 28, 2006).
36. Fidel Castro Ruz, "Fidel's Homage to Maceo & Che-15 June 2002," Radio Havana Cuba. http://www.radiohc.org/Distributions/Radio_Havana_English/ (accessed June 2, 2006).
Bibliography:
Castro Ruz, Fidel. "Fidel's Homage to Maceo & Che-15 June 2002." Radio Havana Cuba. http://www.radiohc.org/Distributions/Radio_Havana_English/Fidel's_Homage_to_Maceo_-and-_Che-15_June_2002 (accessed June 2, 2006).
U.S. Census Bureau. Immigration by Leading Country or Region of Last Residence: 1901 to 2001. http://www.census.gov/statab/hist/HS-09.pdf (accessed January 28, 2006).
Interviews and Personal communications
- Treat a published or broadcast interview like a magazine article or chapter in a book [17.207]
- Cite unpublished interviews, letters, conversations in person or by phone and e-mail messages in a note or in the text and do not include in the bibliography [17.208]
- Begin with the name of the person interviewed or writer of the letter, e-mail, etc.
- Follow with the name of the interviewer as needed.
Full Notes:
37. McGeorge Bundy, interview by Robert MacNeil-MacNeil/Lehrer News-Hour, PBS, February 7, 1990.
38. Laura Whitehorn (of the "Resistance Conspiracy Six"), n.d., interview, videorecording, part of the Emergency Committee to Defend the Human and Legal Rights of Political Prisoners Records, Wisconsin State Historical Society Archives, Madison, WI.
39. Sylvia Contreras, e-mail message to author, June 5, 2006.
Bibliography:
Bundy, McGeorge. Interview by Robert MacNeil. VHS. MacNeil-MacNeil/Lehrer News-Hour. PBS, February 7, 1990.
Music and Videos
- Consider listing recordings in a bibliography in a subheading "Sound Recordings" or as separate discography [17.265-268]
- The name of the performer or conductor, director or actor may be listed first depending on the focus of the discussion (note 38 below).
- Treat published scores like books.
Full Notes:
40. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano, Prepared from the autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broer. Rev. ed. (Bryn Mawr, PA: Theodore Presser, 1960.)
41. Leonard Bernstein, dir., Symphony no. 5, by Dmitri Shostakovich, New York Philharmonic. CBS IM 35854.
Bibliography:
Bernstein, Leonard, dir. Symphony no. 5, by Dmitri Shostakovich. New York Philharmonic. CBS IM 35854.
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano. Prepared from the autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broer. Rev. ed. Bryn Mawr, PA: Theodore Presser, 1960.
Sacred Writings
- Cite Jewish or Christian scriptures in notes rather than in the bibliography.
- Use an abbreviation for the names of the book and give chapter and verse not page numbers [see 15.51 for a list of abbreviations].
- Identify the version - spelled out in the first citation. You can abbreviate it in subsequent notes.
- Do not abbreviate the names of books in your text. [15.48]
- The Qur'an surahs or chapters are numbered consecutively throughout the Qur'an. Cite by number and verse alone.
- Treat commentaries, Bible dictionaries and other works as standard reference books and include in the bibliography as in note 44 (see also notes 12 and 13).
Text Example:
Both Genesis and the Qur'an record Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son.42
Full Notes:
42. Gen. 22:9-14 (New Revised Standard Version), Qur'an 37:99-105.
43. Luke 10:27 (NRSV).
44. Qur'an 1:1-7.
45. James M. Efird, "Angel of the Lord," Harper's Bible Dictionary, ed. Paul J. Achtemeir (San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1985), 30.
Bibliography:
Efird, James M. "Angel of the Lord." Harper's Bible Dictionary. Edited by Paul J. Achtemeir. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1985, 30.
Government Documents [see 17:290-356]
Full Notes:
46. Food Security Act of 1985, HR 2100, 99th Cong., 1st sess., Congressional Record 131, no. 132, daily ed. (October 8, 1985): H 8461.
47. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Famine in Africa: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations. 99th Cong., 1st sess., January 17, 1985.
48. Illinois Constitution, art. 2, sec. 2, http://www.legis.state.il.us/commission/lrb/conmain.htm.
Bibliography:
Illinois Constitution, art. 2, sec. 2. http://www.legis.state.il.us/commission/lrb/conmain.htm.
U.S. Congress. House. Food Security Act of 1985. HR 2100. 99th Cong., 1st sess. Congressional Record 131, no. 132, daily ed. (October 8, 1985): H 8461.
---------. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Famine in Africa: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations. 99th Cong., 1st sess., January 17, 1985.